Mainstream literature on courts and judges in law (as well as in political science) focuses primarily on formal rules. Yet in many contexts, informal institutions, ranging from bureaucratic and legislative norms to clientelism and patrimonialism, shape even more strongly judicial behavior and outcomes. Various “gentlemen’s pacts” between judicial associations may compete with or even substitute formal rules governing selection and promotion of judges. They may entrench patronage and vertical as well horizontal gender segregation or allow a smooth court-packing. Similarly, politically savvy chief justices can tweak the formal rules and forge alliances with politicians, for the good as well as for the bad. Recent literature has acknowledged the existence of these informal institutions. However, the range of these informal institutions and their effects are not fully understood, as the traditional doctrinal and normative scholarship is not able to capture them. INFINITY will fill this gap and address the implications of this phenomenon for the “new” as well as “old” EU member states.
The central research question of INFINITY is: how informal institutions affect functioning of the judiciary? More specifically, the INFINITY proposal consists of three interrelated research aims. The first aim is to identify the most important informal judicial institutions in the “new” as well as “old” EU member states and at the two European supranational courts. The second aim is to assess the impact of selected informal institutions on the domestic judiciaries of 8 European states and on the ECtHR and the CJEU. The third overarching aim is to analyse the reasons and mechanisms behind the emergence of informal institutions, and the nature of their stability and change in different political environments.

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